Chronology of Christianity (1AD‑Present)
1 A.D.‑36?: Life of Jesus Christ
1-6 A.D.: First year in Christian calendar (a.d. = anno Domini) (see 525), Augustus (Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus) is emperor of Rome (6) Herod Archelaus deposed by Augustus; Samaria, Judea and Idumea annexed as province Iudaea under direct Roman administration, cap. Caesarea
6 A.D.‑?: Quirinius: Legate (Governor) of Syria, 1st Roman tax census of Iudaea
6‑9 A.D.: Coponius: Roman Prefect of Iudaea (Samaria, Judea, and Idumea)
7‑26 A.D.: Brief period of peace, free of revolt and bloodshed in Iudaea & Galilee
9‑12?: M. Ambivius: Roman Prefect of Iudaea (Samaria, Judea, and Idumea)
12‑15: Annius Rufus: Roman Prefect of Iudaea (Samaria, Judea, and Idumea)
14‑37: Tiberius I emperor of Rome, b. 42BC
25?: Assumption (Testament) of Moses, original Hebrew extant Latin (Apocrypha)
26‑36: Pontius Pilate: Roman Prefect of Iudaea (Samaria, Judea, and Idumea)
27‑29?: John the Baptist begins ministry (Luke 3:1‑2) (15th year of Tiberius)
27‑34?: Jesus baptized by John the Baptist (Mark1:4‑11)
33‑34?: John the Baptist arrested and killed by Herod Antipas (Luke 3:19-20)
33‑36: Jesus' ministry
36: Jesus crucified, Friday, Nisan 14th, March 30th, [Ref: John, Unauthorized Version/Fox] Last Supper would have been Thursday evening. (April 7, 30 & April 3, 33; possible Fri/14/Nisan crucifixion dates)
36?‑65?: Period of oral tradition in Christianity between the time of Jesus and the time the first gospel (Mark) is written, original Christians disperse throughout Judea and Samaria (Acts 8,1ff), Peter leads the new Christian Church, moves the Church headquarters to Rome
36?‑67: Period Peter leads the new Christian Church, moves the church headquarters from Jerusalem to Rome
36?‑37: Paul of Tarsus has Stephen martyred and the Jerusalem church destroyed
37: Paul of Tarsus is converted (Acts 9)
37‑41: Gaius Caligula emperor of Rome, declared himself god
37‑41?: Marullus: Roman Prefect of Iudaea (Samaria, Judea, and Idumea)
40: Paul goes to Jerusalem to consult with Peter (Galatians 1:18‑20)
41‑54: Claudius emperor of Rome, killed by poisoning by his wife Agrippina
44: James, brother of John, executed by Herod Agrippa I (Acts 12:1‑3)
47‑48: Paul and Barnabas on Cyprus (Acts 13:4‑12)
48‑49: Council of Jerusalem, 1st Christian Council, doctrine regarding circumcision and dietary law is agreed to by apostles and presbyters, written in a letter addressed to "the brothers of Gentile origin in Antioch, Syria, and Cilicia" (Acts 15)
48‑57?: Paul writes Galations
49‑50: Paul in Corinth (Acts 18)
50?: Peshitta translation begun, Hebrew OT‑>Syriac Aramaic, (Greek NT in 400)
50?: Ascension of Isaiah, original written in Hebrew (Ethiopic Bible)
51‑52: Paul writes 1 Thessalonians
51‑52: Paul writes 2 Thessalonians
53‑62: Paul writes Philippians
54‑68: Nero emperor of Rome
56: Paul writes 1 Corinthians
57: Paul writes Romans
57: Paul writes 2 Corinthians
57: Paul's last visit to Jerusalem (Acts 21)
58: Paul arrested, imprisoned in Caesarea (Acts 25:4)
59: Nero kills his mother, Agrippina. Accepts Judaism as his religion
60: Paul imprisoned in Rome (Acts 28:16)
61‑63?: Paul? writes Ephesians
61‑63: Paul writes Philemon
61‑63: Paul writes Colossians
61‑63?: Paul? writes 1 & 2 Timothy, Titus, known as "pastoral epistles"
62?: James written by leader of Jerusalem community? (Galatians 2:9), "catholic" epistle
62: Paul martyred for treason in Rome
62: {Being therefore this kind of person [i.e., a heartless Sadducee], Ananus, thinking that he had a favorable opportunity because Festus had died and Albinus was still on his way, called a meeting [literally, "sanhedrin"] of judges and brought into it the brother of Jesus‑who‑is‑called‑Messiah, James by name, and some others. He made the accusation that they had transgressed the law, and he handed them over to be stoned.} [JA20.9.1,Marginal Jew,p.57]
62?: Nero kills his wife Octavia and marries Poppaea Sabina
64: Great fire of Rome, started by Nero and blamed on Christians, {Therefore to squelch the rumor, Nero created scapegoats and subjected to the most refined tortures those whom the common people called "Christians," [a group] hated for their abominable crimes. Their name comes from Christ, who, during the reign of Tiberius, had been executed by the Jews under procurator Pontius Pilate. Suppressed for the moment, the deadly superstition broke out again, not only in Judea, the land which originated this evil, but also in the city of Rome, where all sorts of horrendous and shameful practices from every part of the world converge and are fervently cultivated.} [Tacitus Annals 15.44; Marginal Jew; Meier; p. 89‑90]
64‑95?: 1 Peter written in Rome, by Peter the apostle?, "catholic" epistle
65‑125: Period in which 4 Gospels, Acts, Revelations, and remaining epistles written Peter martyred before 1st Holy Gospel is written, 7 Popes before last epistle is completed
65?: Q written, (German: Quelle, meaning "source") a hypothetical Greek text used in writing of Matthew and Luke
65‑150: Didache: Instructions of the Apostles written
65‑150: Dialogue of the Savior, Gospel of Peter
65‑150: Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 1224 fragments: published in 1914
65‑150: Gospel of Thomas written, based on Q?, published in 1959, Greek originals: Papyrus Ox. 1,654‑5
65‑175: Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 840 fragments: pub. 1908
65‑175: Papyrus Egerton 2 (Unknown Gospel) fragments: published 1935/87, in Greek from Palestine, one of the oldest extant Christian texts (~175)
65‑250: Papyrus Fayum (P. Vindob. G. 2325) fragments: published in 1887
65‑350: "Jewish‑Christian Gospels": 7 fragments of Gospel of the Ebionites and 7 fragments of Gospel of the Hebrews in Greek; 36 fragments of Gospel of the Nazarenes in Aramaic; [Ref: NT Apocrypha, W. Schneemelcher, vol. 1]
66‑70: Roman‑Jewish War: final destruction of Second Temple (Herod's Temple)
67: Peter martyred, crucified upside down in Rome
67‑78: Pope Linus, 2nd Pope, succeeds Peter (Linus mentioned in 2 Timothy 4:21)
67: General Vespasian of Rome conquers Galilee
68: Nero commits suicide, resurrects as "Nero redivivus," Rev's 666? (see 81)
68: Galba emperor of Rome (6/68‑1/69)
68: Qumran (Essenes?) community destroyed by Rome, site of Dead Sea Scrolls found in 1949
69: Otho emperor of Rome (1/69‑4/69)
69: Vitellius emperor of Rome (6/69‑12/69)
69: Flavian Dynasty of Rome (Vespian, Titus, Domitian)
69‑79: Vespian emperor of Rome, quells unrest in Rome and Jerusalem
70: Collapse of Jewish self‑government in Judea and destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem
70: Gospel according to Mark written in Rome, by Peter's interpreter? (1 Peter 5:13), original ending apparently lost, endings added c 400
70?: "Signs Gospel" written, hypothetical Greek text used in Gospel of John to prove Jesus is the Messiah
70‑640: Sanhedrin (High Court) period of Judaism, rise of house of Hillel
75‑90: Gospel according to Luke written, based on Mark and Q
75‑90: Acts of the Apostles written, same author as Gospel according to Luke
79‑81: Titus emperor of Rome, eldest son of Vespasian
79‑91: Pope Anacletus, 3rd Pope, known as "blameless" (as in Titus 1:7?)
79: Mt Vesuvius, volcano overlooking Naples Bay, erupts, engulfs Pompeii
80‑85: Gospel according to Matthew written, based on Mark and Q, most popular in early Church
81‑96: Domitian emperor of Rome, son of Vespasian, "Nero redivivus?" (see 68)
81‑96: Revelations written, by John (son of Zebedee) and/or a disciple of his
90‑100: 1 John written, by author(s) of 4th gospel, "catholic" epistle
90‑100: John 2:3 written, by "elder," disciple of John (son of Zebedee)?, "catholic" epistle
90‑100: Gospel according to John written, by John (son of Zebedee) and others, only eyewitness to Jesus?, disciple Jesus loved?, Gnostic?
90?: Josephus claims exactly 22 Jewish (OT) books: 5 Law, 13 History, 4 Hymns
91‑101: Pope Clement I, 4th Pope, (mentioned in Philippians 4:3), wrote letter to Corinth in 95 called "1 Clement"
94: "Jewish Antiquities", by Josephus in Aramaic, trans. to Grk., Testimonium Flavianum: {At this time there appeared Jesus, a wise man. For he was a doer of startling deeds, a teacher of people who receive the truth with pleasure. And he gained a following both among many Jews and among many of Greek origin. And when Pilate, because of an accusation made by the leading men among us, condemned him to the cross, those who had loved him previously did not cease to do so. And up until this very day the tribe of Christians (named after him) has not died out.} [JA18.3.3 Meier redaction, Marginal Jew, p. 61]
96?: Hebrews written, by ?
96‑98: Nerva emperor of Rome
98‑116: Trajan emperor of Rome, Roman empire reaches maximum size
100?: Odes of Solomon, written in Greek or Syriac, ref by John? (Apocrypha)
100?: Epistle of Barnabas, Christian exegesis of LXX (AF = Apostolic Fathers)
100?: 2 Clement, an old sermon but not by Clement (AF = Apostolic Fathers)
100?: 2 Esdras (Vg: 4 Esdras), Hebrew?, claims 24 OT books (Vulgate & Peshitta)
100?: Apocalypse of Baruch (2 Baruch:Syriac, 3 Baruch:Greek) (Peshitta)
100?: Paralipomena of Jeremiah (4 Baruch), written in Hebrew (Ethiopic Bible)
100?: Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs, Aramaic and Hebrew fragments found at Qumran Caves 1,4 (Armenian Bible)
100?: Jude written, probably by doubting relative of Jesus (Mark 6,3), rejected by some early Christians due to its reference to apocryphal Book of Enoch (v14), "catholic" epistle
100‑125?: 2 Peter written, by ?, not accepted into canon until early 400s, drew upon Epistle of Jude, "catholic" epistle
100‑150: Secret Book (Apocryphon) of James, Gospel of Mary Magdalene, Infancy Gospels of Thomas and James, Secret Gospel (of Mark) (Complete Gospels)
101‑109: Pope Evaristus, 5th Pope
109‑116: Pope Alexander, 6th Pope
110?: Letter of Polycarp to the Philippians, written by Polycarp (160) (AF)
110?: "Letters of Ignatius," bishop of Antioch, martyred in Rome, his letters were subjected to heavy Christian forgery esp. 4th cent. (Apostolic Fathers)
116‑125: Pope Sixtus I, 7th Pope
117‑138: Hadrian emperor of Rome, builds wall across Britain
125‑350: Period of Christianity during which the first Bible was assembled; Christians are fiercely persecuted and then finally tolerated by the Roman Empire, Great Plague in Rome
125‑136: Pope Telesphorus, 8th Pope, martyred
125?: Papyrus 52: oldest extant NT fragment, p. 1935, parts of John18:3;1‑33; 37‑38
125?: Shepherd of Hermas, written in Rome (AF = Apostolic Fathers)
130‑200: "Christian Apologists" writings against Roman Paganism by: Justin Martyr (165), Athenagoras (180?), Aristides (145?), Theophilus of Antioch (185?), Tatian (170), Quadratus (130?), Melito of Sardis (180?), Apollinaris of Hierapolis (180?), also Epistle to Diognetus in Apostolic Fathers
130?: "Gospel of Basilides", a 24 book commentary?, lost
130?: Papias, bishop of Hierapolis in Asia Minor, wrote: "Expositions of the Sayings of the Lord," lost, widely quoted, see Eusebius (340) (AF)
130?: Aquila of Pontus, Roman convert to Christianity then to Judaism, student of Rabban Gamaliel, compiled literal Greek OT translation in Jabneh (Jamnia)
132‑135: Bar Kokhba Revolt: final Jewish revolt, Judea and Jerusalem erased from maps, all of southern Syria renamed Palestine (coined by Herodotus)
138‑161: Antoninus Pius emperor of Rome
138‑142: Pope Hyginus, 9th Pope
140: Letters of Marcion, produces his own canon without OT and using only a heavily edited Luke + 10 Pauline Epistles, cites "Western" Gospel text‑type
140?: Apocalypse of Peter, written in Greek [NT Apocrypha,Schneemelcher,v.2]
142‑155: Pope Pius I, 10th Pope
150?: Gospel of the Egyptians, Coptic translation of orig. Greek (Nag Hammadi)
150?: "Western Revisor" adds/subtracts from original Acts to produce "Western" version which is 10% larger and found in Papyrus P 29, 38, 48 and Codex Bezae (D)
150?: Papyrus Chester Beatty 6: R963, Greek Numbers 5:12‑36: 13, Deuteronomy 1:20‑3; 4:12
155‑166: Pope Anicetus, 11th Pope
160?: Polycarp, bishop of Smyrna, martyred at age 86: "Let. to Philip." (110)
160?: Martyrdom of Polycarp, in Greek (Apostolic Fathers, ISBN:0‑8010‑5676‑4)
161‑180: Marcus Aurelius emperor of Rome
164‑180: Great Plague in Roman Empire
166‑174: Pope Soter, 12th Pope, moved Easter from Nisan 14 to following Sunday
170: Letters of Irenaeus, bishop of Lyons, cites "Western" Gospel text‑type
170: Christian council on Montanist sect in Asia Minor
170: Letters of Dionysius, bishop of Corinth, claims Christians were changing and faking his own letters just as [he knew] they had changed the Gospels
170: Tatian produces "Diatessaron" (Harmony) by blending 4 "Western" text‑type Gospels into 1
170?: Symmachus, an Ebionite, writes an entirely new Greek OT translation
174‑189: Pope Eleutherius, 13th Pope
175?: Acts of Paul (inc. Corinthians 3), in Greek [NT Apocrypha,Schneemelcher,v.2]
180‑192: Commodus emperor of Rome
185‑350: Canon Muratorian, 1st extant for NT?, written in Rome by Hippolytus?, excludes Hebrews, James, 1‑2 Peter, 3 John; includes Wisdom of Solomon, Apocalypse of Peter
189‑198: Pope Victor I, 1st Latin Pope, 14th Pope, excommunicated Eastern churches that continued to observe Easter on Nisan 14 "Quartodeciman," (see 166, 190)
190: Christian council to determine "official" date of Easter
193‑211: Septimius Severus emperor of Rome
197: Writings of Apollonius, uses the term "catholic" in reference to 1 John
198‑217: Pope Zephyrinus, 15th Pope
200: Bishop of Antioch notes Gospel of Peter (see 65?) being used in Cilicia
200?: Papyrus 66: 2nd Bodmer, John, 1956, "Alexandrian/Western" text‑types: John 1:1‑6, 11; 35‑7, 52; 8:12‑14; 26, 29‑30; 15:2‑26; 16:2‑4, 6‑7, 10‑
20; 22‑23, 25‑21:9
200?: Papyrus 75: Bodmer 14‑15, Luke & John, earliest extant Luke, ~Vaticanus; Luke 3:18‑22, 33‑34; 2:34‑5; 10:37‑6; 4:10‑7, 32, 35‑39, 41‑43, 46‑9; 2:4‑17, 15; 19‑18; 22:4‑24:53; John 1:1‑7, 52; 8:12‑11, 45, 48‑57; 12:3‑13, 8‑9; 14:8‑30; 15:7‑8
200?: Papyrus 46: 2nd Chester Beatty, "Alexandrian" text‑type: Romans 5:17; 6:3, 5‑14; 8:15‑25, 27‑35, 37‑9; 32;10‑11, 22, 24‑33, 35‑15:9, 11‑16:27; Hb1:1‑9:16, 18‑10, 20, 22‑30, 32; 13:25; 1 Cr 1:1‑9, 2, 4‑14, 14,16‑15, 15,17‑16:22; 2 Cr 1:1‑11, 10, 12‑21, 23‑13:13; Ep1:1‑2:7, 10‑5; 6:8‑6:6; 8,20‑24; Gl 1:1‑8, 10; 2:9, 12‑21; 3:2‑29; 4:2‑18, 20:5, 17:20, 6:8, 10‑18; Ph1:1, 5‑15, 17‑28, 30; 2:12, 14‑27, 29; 3:8,10‑21; 4:2‑12, 14‑23; Cl 1:1‑2, 5‑13, 16‑24, 27; 2:19, 23; 3:11; 13‑24; 4:3:12,16‑18; 1Th 1:1,9; 2:3; 5:5‑9, 23‑28
200?: Papyrus 32: J. Rylands Library: Titus 1:11‑15;2:3‑8
200?: Papyrus 64 (+67): M t3:9, 15; 5:20‑22, 25‑28; 26:7‑8, 10, 14‑15, 22‑23, 31‑33
200?: Old Syriac (Aramaic) Gospels, Syr(s) & Syr(c), of "Western" text‑type
200?: Latin Bible translations begun in Carthage?, originals no longer extant
200?: Sahidic Coptic cop(sa) Bible translations written in Alexendria
212‑217: Geta then Caracalla emperors of Rome
217‑236: Anti‑Pope Hippolytus, bishop of Rome, "Logos" sect, 1st Anti‑Pope (illegitimate claimants of or pretenders to the papal throne)
217‑222: Pope Callistus I, 16th Pope
218‑222: Heliogabalus emperor of Rome
220: Goths invade Asia Minor and Balkans
220?: Clement of Alexandria, b.150?, bishop, cites "Alexandrian" NT text‑type & Secret Gospel of Mark & Gospel of the Egyptians; wrote: "Exhortations to the Greeks";"Rich Man's Salutation"; "To the Newly Baptized"; (Loeb Classics)
222‑230: Pope Urban I, 17th Pope
222‑235: Alexandar Severus emperor of Rome
223?: Tertullian, wr: "de Spectaculis" (Latin): v30.6 cites rumor Jesus son of prostitute, coined "New Testament," cites "Western" Gospel text‑type (Loeb)
225?: Papyrus 45: 1st Chester Beatty, Gospels (Caesarean), Acts (Alexandrian): Mt 20:24‑32; 21:13‑19; 25:41‑26: 39; Mk 4:36‑40; 5:15‑26, 38; 6:3,16‑25, 36‑50; 7:3‑15, 25; 8:1, 10‑26, 34; 9:9, 18; 31;11, 27; 12:1, 5‑8, 13‑19,24‑28; Lk 6:31‑41, 45; 7:7; 9:26‑41,45; 10:1, 6‑22, 26; 11:1, 6‑25, 28‑46, 50; 12:12, 18‑37, 42; 13:1, 6‑24, 29; 14:10, 17; 33; Jn 10:7; 25,30; 11:10, 18‑36, 42‑57; Ac 4:27‑36; 5:10‑21, 30‑39; 6:7; 7:2, 10‑21, 32‑41, 52; 8:1, 14‑25, 34‑9; 6:16‑27, 35; 10:2, 10:23, 31; 41;11:2‑14, 24‑12; 5,13‑22; 13:6‑16, 25, 36, 46; 14:3, 15‑23; 15:2‑7, 19‑27, 38; 16:4,15‑21,32‑40;17:9‑17
225?: Papyrus 967: Chester Beatty 9, Greek Ezekiel 11:25‑end, ~Codex Vaticanus
230‑236: Pope Pontian, 18th Pope
230‑250: Christian council of Rome, Demetrius bishop of Alex. condemns Origen who in 248 cited a rumor recorded by Celsus that "Jesus fabricated the account of his birth from a virgin. In reality, Jesus' mother was driven out by the carpenter husband to whom she was betrothed because she had committed adultery with a [Roman] soldier named Panthera [thus the ben Pantere of Jewish sources]. Left poor and homeless, she gave birth to Jesus in secret. Jesus later spent time in Egypt, where he hired himself out as a laborer, learned magic, and so came to claim the title of God." [CC1.28‑32, Marginal Jew, Meier, p. 223]
236‑238: Maximus emperor of Rome, ends Christian schism in Rome by deporting Pope Pontian and anti‑Pope Hippolytus to Sardinia where they soon die
236‑237: Pope Anterus, 19th Pope
237‑250: Pope Fabian, 20th Pope
238‑244: Gordian I, II, Balbinus, Pupienus, Gordian III emperors of Rome
240‑250: Christian council of Carthage
244‑249: Philip the Arabian emperor of Rome
249‑251: Decius emperor of Rome
249: Rome celebrates 1000th anniversary
250: Rome steps up persecution of Christians, martyrs revered as saints
250: Letters of Methodius, Pistis Sophia, Porphyry Tyrius; church fathers
250?: Mandeans (followers of John the Baptist) begin compilation of "Ginza"
250?: Papyrus 72: Bodmer 5‑11+, pub. 1959, "Alexandrian" text‑type: Nativity of Mary; 3 Cor; Odes of Solomon 11; Jude 1‑25; Melito's Homily on Passover; Hymn fragment; Apology of Phileas; Ps33,34; 1 Pt1:1‑5:14; 2 Pt1:1; 3:18
250?: Papyrus Chester Beatty: #5:R962: Gn 8:13; 9:2; 24:13‑46, 33, Enoch 9:1‑105; #7: I8, 18‑19; 13:38; 14, 45:5; 54:1; 60:22; #8: Jr 4:30‑35, 24; #10: Dn1‑12:13 (+Add), Bel 4‑39, Sus 5‑end, Esther1:1; 8:6 (+Add)
251‑253: Gallus emperor of Rome
251‑253: Pope Cornelius, 21st Pope
251‑258: Anti‑Pope Novatian, decreed no forgiveness for sins after baptism
253‑260: Valerian emperor of Rome, executes all Bishops, Priests, and Deacons
253‑254: Pope Lucius I, 22nd Pope
254: Letters of Origen, Jesus and God one substance, adopted at Council of Nicaea in 325, compiled "Hexapla": 6 versions of LXX side by side: Hebrew, Hebrew transliterated in Greek, Aquila's Greek trans., Symmachus' Greek trans., Origen's revised LXX Greek trans., Theodotion's revised LXX; also Quinta/Sexta/Septima trans., Tetragrammaton in square Hebrew script; cites "Alexandrian" & "Caesarean" NT text‑types; Eusebius claimed Origen castrated himself for Christ due to Mt19:12 [EH 6.8.1‑3]
254‑257: Pope Steven I, 23rd Pope, major schism over rebaptizing heretics and apostates
257‑258: Pope Sixtus II, 24th Pope, martyred
257: Visigoths and Ostrogoths invade Black Sea area, Franks invade Spain
258: Letters of Cyprian, Bishop of Carthage, cites "Western" NT text‑type, claims Christians are freely forging his letters to discredit him
260‑268: Gallienus emperor of Rome, reverses Valerian, restores Roman Church
260‑268: Pope Dionysius, 25th Pope, rebuilds Roman Church after Valerian's massacre
264‑268: Christian council on Paul of Samosata, Bishop of Antioch, founder of Adoptionism (Jesus was human until Holy Spirit descended at his baptism)
264?: Letters of Dionysius, bishop of Alexandria, b. 190?
268: Goths sack Athens, Sparta, Corinth
268‑270: Claudius II emperor of Rome
269‑274: Pope Felix I, 26th Pope
270‑275: Aurelian emperor of Rome
275‑283: Pope Eutychian, 27th Pope, decreed that only beans and grapes be blessed at Mass
275?: Papyrus 47: 3rd Chester Beatty, ~Sinaiticus, Rv 9:10‑11; 3,5‑16;15-17; 17:2
276‑282: Marcus Aurelius Probus emperor of Rome
276: Mani, b. 215, crucified, founder of Manichaean Christian sect in Persia
283‑296: Pope Gaius, 28th Pope
284‑305: Diocletian emperor of Rome, notorius persecuter of Christians
285
Roman empire partitioned into Western and Eastern empires
290‑345
St Pachomius establishes 1st monastery in Egypt
296‑304
Pope Marcellinus, 29th Pope, apostate, offered pagan sacrifices for
Diocletian
300?
Bohairic Coptic cop(bo) Bible translations written in Alexandria
300?
Hesychius of Alex., martyr, translates Hebrew OT to Greek, lost [Jerome]
300?
Papyrus Berlin Codex of Greek Genesis; Papyrus Bodmer 24 of Greek Psalms;
Codex Freer of Greek Minor Prophets; all published in 1927
300?
other 3rd century NT witnesses: P1:Mt1:1‑9,12,14‑20 P4:Lk1:58‑59,62‑
2:1, 6‑7;3:8‑4:2,29‑32,34‑35;5:3‑8,30‑6:16 P5:Jn1:23‑31,33‑
40;16:14‑30;20:11‑17, 19‑20,22‑25 P9:1Jn4:11‑12,14‑17 P12:Hb1:1
P15:1Cr7:18‑8:4 P20:Jm2:19‑3:9 P22:Jn15:25‑16:2,21‑32
P23:Jm1:10‑12,15‑18 P27:Rm8:12‑22,24‑27,33‑9:3,5‑9 P28:Jn6:8‑
12,17‑22 P29:Ac26:7‑8,20 P30:1Th4:12‑13,16‑17;5:3,8‑10,12‑18,25‑
28;2Th1:1‑2 P38:Ac18:27‑19:6,12‑16 P39:Jn8:14‑22 P40:Rm1:24‑
27,31‑2:3;3:21‑4:8;6:4‑5:16;9:16‑17:27 P48:Ac23:11‑17,23‑29
P49:Ep4:16‑29,31‑5:13 P53:Mt26:29‑40;Ac9:33‑10:1 P65:1Th1:3‑
2:1,6‑13 P69:Lk22:41,45‑48,58‑61 P70:Mt2:13‑16,22‑3:1;11:26‑
27;12:4‑5;24:3‑6,12‑15 P80:Jn3:34 P87:Pm13‑15,24‑25
#0171:Mt10:17‑23,25‑32;Lk22:44‑56,61‑64 #0189:Ac5:3‑21
#0220:Rm4:23‑5:3,8‑13 #0212(Diatessaron):Mt27:56‑57;Mk15:40‑
42;Lk23:49‑51,54;Jn19:38
303‑311
Last persecution of Christians in Rome
304
Letters of Victor, bishop of Pettau
306‑337
Emperor Constantine the Great, convert to Christianity
306‑312
Maxentius emperor of Western Roman Empire
306‑308
Pope Marcellus I, 30th Pope, tried removing prior Pope Marcellinus from
official records for apostasy, exiled from Rome by Maxentius for disturbing
the peace
310
Pope Eusebius, 31st Pope, deported to Sicily with anti‑Pope Heraclius by
Maxentius
311‑314
Pope Miltiades, 32nd Pope, Constantine gives Fausta's palace as papal
residence
312
Lucian, founded Exegetical School of Antioch, martyred
312
Constantine defeats Maxentius at Milvian Bridge, reunites Roman Empire
313
Edict of Milan, Constantine establishes toleration of Christianity
313
Miltiades excommunicates Donatus for requiring rebaptism of apostates
314‑335
Pope Silvester I, 33rd Pope
314
Council of Arles, called by Constantine against Donatist (Donatus) schism
317
Letters of Lactantius, early Christian church father
321
Constantine decrees Sunday as offical Roman‑Christian day of rest
325
Council of Nicaea, called by Constantine against Arianism (336), called 1st
great Christian council by Jerome, 1st ecumenical, 318 bishops attend,
Nicaean Creed
325?
Fayyumic Coptic cop(mf) translation fragment of John 6:11‑15:11
330
Old Saint Peter's Basilica dedicated by Constantine, located over the
traditional burial site of Saint Peter the Apostle in Rome on Vatican Hill
331
Seat of Roman Empire moved to Constantinople (formally Byzantium)
336‑337
Pope Mark, 34th Pope
336
Arius, Greek theologian ‑ Arianism (Jesus was a created being)
337‑350
Roman empire splits again, Constans emperor of West until 350
337‑361
Roman empire splits again, Constantius emperor of East until 361
337‑352
Pope Julius I, 35th Pope
338
Jewish calendar modified with different year lengths to correct to Solar
340?
Eusebius of Caesarea (260‑340), theologian & church historian, cites
"Caesarean" NT text‑type, wrote: "Ecclesiastical History" (EH); Loeb
Classics: 2 volumes {Papias, bishop of Hierapolis (130?), claims that John
the Elder, a disciple of Jesus, told him that Mark "was the interpreter of
Peter and wrote down carefully what he remembered of what had been said
or done by the Lord, but not in the right order." Also claims that "Matthew
composed the sayings in Hebrew [more likely Aramaic] and each one
translated them as he could."} [Ref: EH3.39.15, Unauthorized Version, Fox,
p.126‑127] Eusebius' NT Canon: Recognized Books: 4 Holy Gospels, Acts, 14
Pauline Epistles, 1Jn, 1Pt; Disputed Books: Rev, James, Jude, 2Pt, 2‑3Jn,
Acts of Paul, Hermas, Apocalypse of Peter, Barnabas, Didache, Gospel of the
Hebrews; Rejected Books: Gospels of Peter, Thomas, Matthias, Acts of
Andrew, John ... [EH3.25], used the term "catholic" to refer to all seven
epistles ‑ James; 1,2,3 John; 1,2 Peter; Jude
350‑400
Period of time between the 1st Christian Bible and the 1st Western Christian
Bible, during which the books contained in Bibles varied
350
Letters of Adamantius, Firmicus Maternus; early Christian church fathers
350?
Codex Sinaiticus (S or ): earliest Christian Bible, (LXX ‑ 2‑
3Maccabees ‑ Psalms of Solomon ‑ Ps151 + 27NT + Barnabas + Hermas),
missing Hermas31.7‑end; of "Alexandrian" text‑type: most accurate text‑
type
350?
Codex Vaticanus (B): earliest Christian Bible (LXX ‑ 1‑4Maccabees ‑ Psalms
of Solomon ‑ Ps151 + 27NT), missing Gn1‑46:28, Ps105:27‑137:6, 1Tm‑
Phm, Heb9:14‑end; of "Alexandrian" text‑type: most accurate text‑type
350?
Papyrus Antinoopolis of Book of Proverbs in Greek, published in 1950
350?
Papyrus Chester Beatty: #4:R961: Greek Gn9:1‑44:22; #11: Greek
Sir36:28‑ 37:22,46:6‑47:2; #12: Greek Enoch93:12‑13,94:7‑8,97:6‑
104:13,106:1‑107:3
350?
Papyrus Bodmer 45‑46: Greek Susanna, Daniel 1:1‑20 (Theodotion's LXX)
350?
Canon Cheltenham: 24NT books (excludes James, Jude, Hebrews)
350?
Akhmimic cop(ac) & Sub‑Akhmimic cop(ac2) Coptic translations of John
350?
Ulfilas, apostle to the Goths (Germans), translates Greek NT to Gothic
352‑366
Pope Liberius, 36th Pope
354‑430
St. Augustine, Latin Bishop considered the founder of formalized Christian
theology, church father
355‑365
Anti‑Pope Felix II, Arianism (336), supported by Constantius II
360
Huns invade Europe, scrolls begin to be replaced by books (Codex)
361‑363
Julian the Apostate emperor of East, attempts to revive Paganism
363
Council of Laodicea names 26 NT books (excludes Revelations)
363
Letters of Marius Victorinus, Acacius of Caesarea; early church fathers
364
Council of Laodicea decrees death for Christians who keep 7th day Sabbath
366‑384
Pope Damasus I, 37th Pope, hired thugs to massacre rival Ursinians
(Liberians)
366‑367
Anti‑Pope Ursinus, leader of supporters of former Pope Liberius
367
Athanasias, bishop of Alexandria, first citing of modern 27 NT canon
367
Letters of Hilary of Poitiers, Lucifer of Calaris; early church fathers
367
Athanasius, d.373, bishop of Alexandria, first cite of modern 27NT canon
370
Epiphanius, bishop of Salamis, Cyprus; cites 27NT + Wisdom of Solomon
370
Doctrine of Addai at Edessa proclaims 17 book NT canon using Diatessaron
(instead of the 4 Gospels) + Acts + 15 Pauline Epistles (inc. 3 Corinthians)
373
Letters of Ephraem Syrus, cites "Western" Acts text‑type
378
Letters of Titus of Bostra, Ambrosiaster, Priscillian; church fathers
379‑395
Theodosius the Great, last emperor of the united empire
380
Feb 27, Christianity declared official state religion by Theodosius
381
Council of Theodosius at Constantinople, 2nd ecumenical, Jesus had true
human soul
382‑384
Pope Damasus I has Jerome revise and unify Latin Bibles
383
Roman legions begin to evacuate Britain
384
Jerome presents Pope Damasus I with new Latin Gospels, originals lost
384‑399
Pope Siricius, 38th Pope, criticized Jerome
390
Apollinaris of Laodicea, Jesus had human body but divine spirit
390
Letters of Tyconius, Gregory of Nyssa, Didymus of Alex.; church fathers
391?
Ammianus Marcellinus, b.330, Christian historian, wrote: "Res gestae"
393,397
Augustine's Councils, cites exactly 27 NT books (see 354)
395
Theodosius prohibits practice of Pagan rituals including Olympic Games
395
Ausonius, b.310?, Christian governor of Gaul; Loeb Classics 2v (Latin)
396
Alaric, king of the Visigoths, plunders Athens
397
Ambrose, b.333?, bishop & governor of Milan, wrote: "de Fide" ...
399‑401
Pope Anastasius I, 39th Pope
400‑484
Era between 1st Western Christian Bible and the Great Schism ‑ Christian
doctrine is formed, Roman empire ends
400?
Vulgate Bible, by Jerome?, (340?‑420) originals lost, Vulgate Latin text
becomes standard Western Christian Bible
400?
Jerome cites "expanded" ending in Mark after Mark 16,14
400?
Jerome adds Pericope of the Adultress (John 7,53‑8,11)
400?
Codex Vercellensis it(a): Latin Gospels, of "European" text‑type
400?
Peshitta Bible, Syriac (Aramaic) Vulgate, Syr(p), OT + 22 NT, excludes:
2Pt, 2‑3Jn, Jude, Rev; Peshitta becomes standard Syrian Christian Bible
400?
Codex Bobiensis it(k): ~half of Mt/Mk in Latin, "African" (Carthage) text‑
type, has "shorter" ending of Mark after Mk16:8
401‑417
Pope Innocent I, 40th Pope, decreed Roman custom the norm for Christianity
401
Visigoths invade Italy
403
Letters of Epiphanius of Constantia, John Chrysostom; church fathers
410
Visigoths sack Rome under king Alaric
414
Letters of Nicetas of Remesiana, Orosius; early Christian church fathers
415
Bishop Cyril of Alex. (444) expels Jews, kills Hypatia with oyster shells
416
Visigoths take Spain
417‑418
Pope Zosimus, 41st Pope
418‑422
Pope Boniface I, 42nd Pope
418‑419
Anti‑Pope Eulalius
418
Franks take Gaul
420
St. Jerome, (S.E. Hieronymus), b.340?, Latin scholar; (Loeb Classics)
422‑432
Pope Celestine I, 43rd Pope
423
Theodoret, bishop of Cyrrhus, notes Tatian's Harmony (170) in heavy use
431
Council of Ephesus, 3rd ecumenical, decreed Mary the Mother of God
429
Picts and Scots expelled from southern England by Anglo‑Saxon‑Jutes
430
St. Augustine, b.354, origin of "Original Sin," church father & philosopher,
wrote: "The City of God", "Confessions"; Loeb Classics 10 v. (Latin)
430
Letters of Marcus Eremita, Nilus of Ancyra; Christian church fathers
431
Syrian Christianity splits into East (Nestorian‑disagreed with Council of
Ephesus) and West (Jacobites)
432
St Patrick begins mission in Ireland
432‑440
Pope Sixtus III, 44th Pope
433‑453
Attila the Hun, "Scourge of the Gods"
440‑461
Pope Leo I, 45th Pope
444
Letters of Cyril of Alexandria, Arnobius the Younger; church fathers
450
Mark's Resurrection of Jesus added to Bible (Mark 16, 9‑20)
450?
Codex Alexandrinus (A): (LXX ‑ 1‑2Maccabees + 14_Church_Odes + 27NT +
1‑2Clement), missing 1K12:17‑14:9, Ps49:20‑79:11, Psalms of Solomon,
Mt1‑25:6, Jn6:50‑8:52, 2Cr4:13‑12:6, 1Clement57.7‑63.4,
2Clement12.5b‑end; of "Alexandrian" text‑type: most accurate text‑type
450?
Codex Bezae (D): Greek/Latin Gospels + Acts; Codex Washingtonianus (W):
Greek Gospels; both of "Western" text‑type: "fondness for paraphrase"
450?
Codex Ephraemi Syri rescriptus (C): Greek LXX + 27NT, many gaps
450?
Codex Marchalianus (Q): Greek LXX + Luke + John, many gaps
450?
Codex Ambrosianus (F): Greek Genesis to Joshua
450?
Codex Freer: Greek Deuteronomy and Joshua
450?
Codex Colberto‑Sarravianus: Origen's Greek Hexapla LXX of Gen‑Judg
450?
Codex Palatinus it(e): Latin Gospels, "African" (Carthage) text‑type
450?
Codex Veronensis it(b): Latin Gospels, "European/Vulgate" text‑type
450?
Syr(pal), Palestinian Syriac (Aramaic) Gospels, of "Caesarean" text‑type
450?
std. Aramaic Targums, T. Onkelos of Torah, T. Jonathan of Prophets
451
Council of Chalcedon, 4th ecumenical, declared Jesus is 2 natures, both
human and divine in one, a compromise solution of Jesus god/man schisms
451
Nestorius of Constantinople, Nestorians: Mary was *not* "Mother of God"
451
Letters of Hesychius, Quodvultdeus; early Christian church fathers
454
Eutyches of Constantinople, Monophysites: Jesus was divine but not human
455
Vandals sack Rome
457‑474
Pope Leo I, 46th Pope, becomes emperor of remaining (eastern) Roman
empire
461‑468
Pope Hilarus, 47th Pope
463
Letters of Prosper of Aquitaine, early Christian church father
466
Letters of Shenute of Atripe, Theodoret of Cyrrhus; early church fathers
468‑483
Pope Simplicius, 48th Pope
474‑491
Zeno, eastern Roman emperor
476
Official end of western Roman empire, last emperor Romulus Augustulus
480‑547
St. Benedict, founded the Benedictines
483‑492
Pope Felix III (II), 49th Pope
484‑640
Period between Great Schism and the destruction of the Library of Alexendria
‑ After the end of the Roman Empire, the Catholic Church sees a period of
turmoil and division, Europe's population "halved" by plague, great
earthquakes occur
484‑519
Acacian schism, over "Henoticon" divides Eastern (Greek) and Western
(Roman) churches. Photinus, deacon of Thessalonica, was of the Greek
church and held to the Acacian heresy, which denied the divine paternity of
Christ. Photinus persuaded emperor Anastasius I to accept the Acacian
heresy.
484
Letters of Vigilius of Thapsus, early Christian church father
489
Zeno destroys Nestorian (451) school at Edessa, erects Church of St Simeon
491
Armenian Church seceds from East (Byzantium) and West (Rome) churches
491‑518
Anastasius I eastern Roman emperor
492‑496
Pope Gelasius I, 50th Pope, "Vicar of Christ" is first used as another title
496‑498
Pope Anastasius II
498
Nestorians (451) settle in Nisibis, Persia
498‑514
Pope Symmachus
514‑523
Pope Hormisdas
523‑526
Pope John I, martyr
498‑506
Anti‑Pope Lawrence, Lawrencian schism
500
Incense introduced in Christian church service, first plans of Vatican
500?
Codex Sangallensis vg: earliest extant Latin Vulgate, Gospels
500?
Codex Argenteus (got): earliest nearly complete Gothic (German), Gospels
500?
Codex Cottonianus: Greek Genesis
502
Narsai of Mealletha, Syrian poet, heads Nestorian school in Nisibis(498)
518‑527
Justin I: emperor of Byzantine (former eastern Roman) empire
524
Boethius, b.480?, Roman Christian philosopher, wrote: "Theological
Tractates", "Consolation of Philosophy"; (Loeb Classics) (Latin)
525
Dionysius Exiguus sets Christian calendar (a.d.) & Jesus' birth @ 23 Dec 1AD
526
Earthquake in Antioch kills 250,000
526‑530
Pope Felix IV (III)
527‑565
Justinian the Great, Byzantine emperor
527
Letters of Fulgentius, early Christian church father
529
Justinian closes 1000yr Athen's School of Philosophy, declared Paganistic
530‑532
Pope Boniface II
530
Anti‑Pope Dioscorus
532‑535
Pope John II
533
N. Africa captured by Belisarius from Vandals, becomes Byzantine province
534‑870
Malta becomes Byzantine province
535‑536
Pope Agapitus I
536‑537
Pope Silverius, martyr
537‑555
Pope Vigilius, involved in death of Pope Silverius, conspired with Justinian
and Theodora, excommunicated by N. African bishops in 550
539‑562
War between Byzantine empire and Persia
542
Plague in Constantinople from Egyptian and Syrian rats, spreads to Europe
543
Justinian condemns Origen (254), disastrous earthquakes hit the world
541‑546
Codex Fuldensis vg(F): Latin Vulgate, 27NT + Epistle to Laodiceans
544
Justinian condemns the "3 Chapters" of Theodore of Mopsuestia (d.428) and
other writings of "2‑natures" Christology of Council of Chalcedon (451)
547
Pope Vigilius issues "Iudicatum" supporting Justinian's anti‑"2‑natures"
547
Plague reaches Britain
548
Letters of Apringius Pacensis, early Christian church father
550‑1453
Medieval Greek of Constantinople (Byzantium) becomes standard Greek
550
Byzantine Greek Text, standard Eastern Bible, much smoothing & conflation
550
St. David converts Wales to Christianity, crucifix becomes Christian icon
550?
Codex Claromontanus (Dp): Greek/Latin Pauline Epistles + Canon of ~250AD
lists 27NT+Barnabas+Hermas+Acts_of_Paul+Apocalypse_of_Peter;
"Western" type
550?
Codex Mediolanensis vg(M): Latin Vulgate Gospels
550?
Codex Veronensis: Greek & Old Latin Psalms
555
2nd Council of Constantinople, 5th ecumenical, called by Justinian
556‑561
Pope Pelagius I, selected by Justinian, endorsed "Iudicatum" (547)
561‑574
Pope John III, authorized by Justinian
565‑578
Justin II, Byzantine emperor
567
Letters of Primasius, Cassiodorus; early Christian church fathers
572‑628
War between Byzantine empire and Persia
575‑579
Pope Benedict I, authorized by Justin II,
578‑582
Tiberius II, Byzantine emperor
579‑590
Pope Pelagius II, died of plague
582‑602
Maurice, Byzantine emperor
587
Visigoths of Spain converted to Christianity
589
Lombards of Italy converted to Christianity
590
Plague in Rome
590‑604
Pope Gregory I, commanded that a way be found to collect and preserve the
singing of the Benedictine monks of Santo Domingo de Silos (now known as
Gregorian Chant)
594
End of plague which began in 542 and "halved" the population of Europe!
596
St. Augustine of Canterbury sent to convert Britain to Christianity
600?
Codex Harleianus vg(Z): Latin Vulgate Gospels
600?
Codex Philoxenian/Harclean Syr(ph/h): Syriac 27NT, "Western" text‑type
602‑610
Phocas, Byzantine emperor after killing Maurice
604‑606
Pope Sabinian, authorized by Phocas
606‑607
Pope Boniface III, authorized by Phocas
607‑615
Pope Boniface IV, authorized by Phocas
609
Roman Pantheon (a Pagan Temple) renamed Church of Santa Maria Rotonda
610‑641
Heraclius, Byzantine emperor after killing Phocas
611
Mohammed's reported vision of Allahon Mount Hira
614
Persians take Damascas and Jerusalem and "Holy Cross of Christ"
615
earliest records of some of Mohammed's teachings
615‑618
Pope Deusdedit
619‑625
Pope Boniface V, authorized by Heraclius
622‑680
Monothelite controversy: condemned at 6th Ecum. Council of Constantinople
622
first year in Muslim calendar, The Hegira, 1a.h., (a.h. = anno hegirae)
624
Mohammed marries Aisha, daughter of Abu Bekr
625
Paulinus of Rome comes to convert Northumbria to Christianity
625‑638
Pope Honorius I
625
Mohammed begins dictation of Qur'an (Koran) to his scribe
626
King Edwin of Northumbria founds Edinburgh and begins Christianization
627
Byzantines defeat Persians at Nineveh
628
Emperor Heraclius wins back "Cross of Christ" from Persians
628
Mohammed captures Mecca & writes to rulers of the world explaining Islam
629
Heraclius recovers Jerusalem from Persians
629
Pope Honorius I sides with Emperor Heraclius and Monothelites (622)
632
Mohammed, b. 570?, Arab prophet and founder of Islam
632
East Anglia Christianized
632
Abu Bekr, first Islamic Caliph, seat at Medina
634
Omar I, 2d Caliph, takes Syria/Persia/Egypt;defeats Heraclius in Holy War
635
Christianization of Wessex
635‑750
Damascus becomes capital of Islamic Caliphs
636
Southern Irish Church submits to Roman Catholicism
637
Jerusalem captured by Islam
638
Emp. Heraclius' "Ecthesis", decrees Christ of one nature: "Monothelites"
640
Pope Severinus
640
Library of Alexandria, "The Center of Western Culture," with 300,000
ancient papyrus scrolls, is completely distroyed.
640‑1380
Period between destruction of Library of Alexandria and the first complete
English translation of the Bible
640‑642
Pope John IV
642‑649
Pope Theodore I
649‑654
Pope Martin I, martyr
654‑657
Pope Eugene I
657‑673
Pope Vitalian
673‑676
Pope Adeodatus II
676‑678
Pope Donus
678‑682
Pope Agatho
682‑684
Pope Leo II
684‑685
Pope Benedict II
685‑686
Pope John V
686‑687
Pope Conon
687
Anti‑Pope Theodore
687
Anti‑Pope Paschal
687‑701
Pope Sergius I
690?
Earliest Bible translations into England's vernacular, continued work by Bede
and others from this point forward
701‑705
Pope John VI
705‑708
Pope John VII
708
Pope Sisinnius
708‑715
Pope Constantine
715‑731
Pope Gregory II
731‑741
Pope Gregory III
741‑752
Pope Zachary
750?
Tower added to St Peter's Basilica at the front of the atrium
752‑757
Pope Stephen II (III)
757‑768
Pope Paul I
767
Anti‑Pope Constantine
768
Anti‑Pope Philip
768‑772
Pope Stephen III (IV)
772‑795
Pope Adrian I
795‑816
Pope Leo III
816‑817
Pope Stephen IV (V)
817‑824
Pope Paschal I
824‑827
Pope Eugene II
827
Pope Valentine
827‑844
Pope Gregory IV
844
Anti‑Pope John
844‑847
Pope Sergius II
847‑855
Pope Leo IV
850?
King Alfred translation of several Bible books into English vernacular, also
done by Aldhelm and Aelfric
855‑858
Pope Benedict III
855
Anti‑Pope Anastasius
856
Earthquake in Corinth kills 45,000
858‑867
Pope Nicholas I
867‑872
Pope Adrian II
872‑882
Pope John VII
882‑884
Pope Marinus I
884‑885
Pope Adrian III
885‑891
Pope Stephen V (VI)
891‑896
Pope Formosus
896
Pope Boniface VI
896‑897
Pope Stephen VI (VII)
897
Pope Romanus
897‑898
Pope Theodore II
898‑900
Pope John IX
900‑903
Pope Benedict IV
903‑904
Pope Leo V
903
Anti‑Pope Christopher
904‑911
Pope Sergius III
911‑913
Pope Anastasius III
913‑914
Pope Landus
914‑928
Pope John X
928
Pope Leo VI
928‑931
Pope Stephen VII (VIII)
931‑936
Pope John XI
936‑939
Pope Leo VII
939‑942
Pope Stephen VIII (IX)
942‑946
Pope Marinus II
946‑955
Pope Agapitus II
955‑963
Pope John XII
963‑964
Pope Leo VIII
964‑965
Pope Benedict V
965‑973
Pope John XIII
973‑974
Pope Benedict VI
974
Anti‑Pope Boniface VII
974‑983
Pope Benedict VII
983‑985
Pope John XIV
985‑996
Pope John XV
996‑999
Pope Gregory V
997
Anti‑Pope John XVI
999‑1003
Pope Sylvester II
1003‑1004
Pope John XVII
1004‑1009
Pope John XVIII
1009‑1012
Pope Sergius IV
1012‑1024
Pope Benedict VIII
1012
Anti‑Pope Gregory
1024‑1032
Pope John XIX
1032‑1045
Pope Benedict IX
1045
Pope Sylvester III
1045
Pope Benedict IX
1045‑1046
Pope Gregory VI
1046‑1047
Pope Clement II
1047‑1048
Pope Benedict IX
1048‑1049
Pope Damasus II
1049‑1055
Pope Leo IX
1054
Split between Eastern and Western churches formalized, Orthodox Church
founded
1055‑1057
Pope Victor II
1057‑1059
Pope Stephen IX (X)
1057
Earthquake in Cilicia (Asia Minor) kills 60,000
1058
Anti‑Pope Benedict X
1059‑1061
Pope Nicholas II
1061‑1073
Pope Alexender II
1061
Anti‑Pope Honorius II
1073‑1086
Gregory VII
1080
Anti‑Pope Clement III
1086‑1088
Pope Victor III
1088‑1099
Pope Urban II
1095‑1291
10 Crusades, 1st called by Pope Urban II, to restore Asia Minor to Byzantium
and conquer the Holy Land from the Turks
1099‑1118
Pope Paschal II
1100
Anti‑Pope Theodoric
1102
Anti‑Pope Albert
1105
Anti‑Pope Sylvester IV
1118‑1119
Pope Gelasius II
1118
Anti‑Pope Gregory VIII
1119‑1124
Pope Callistus II
1124‑1130
Pope Honorius II
1124
Anti‑Pope Celestine II
1130‑1143
Pope Innocent II
1130
Anti‑Pope Anacletus II
1138
Anti‑Pope Victor IV
1143‑1144
Pope Celestine II
1144‑1145
Pope Lucius II
1145‑1153
Pope Eugene III
1153‑1154
Pope Anastasius IV
1154‑1159
Pope Adrian IV
1159‑1181
Pope Alexander III
1159
Anti‑Pope Victor IV
1164
Anti‑Pope Paschal III
1168
Anti‑Pope Callistus III
1179
Anti‑Pope Innocent III
1181‑1185
Pope Lucius III
1185‑1187
Pope Urban III
1187
Pope Gregory VIII
1187‑1191
Pope Clement III
1191
Pope Celestine III
1198‑1216
Pope Innocent III
1206
Rosary is reportedly given to St. Dominic by an apparition of Mary
1215
Dominican order begun
1216‑1227
Pope Honorius III
1223
Franciscan order begun
1225‑1274
Thomas Aquinas, theologian and philosopher
1227‑1241
Pope Gregory IX
1241‑1243
Pope Celestine IV
1243‑1254
Pope Innocent IV
1254‑1261
Pope Alexander IV
1260
Date which a 1988 Vatican sponsered scientific study places the origin of the
Shroud of Turin
1261‑1265
Pope Urban IV
1265‑1271
Pope Clement IV
1271‑1276
Pope Gregory X
1276
Pope Innocent V
1276
Pope Adrian V
1276‑1277
Pope John XXI
1277‑1294
Pope Nicholas IV
1294
Pope Celestine V
1294‑1303
Pope Boniface VIII
1303‑1305
Pope Benedict XI
1305‑1316
Pope Clement V
1316‑1334
Pope John XXII
1321?
The Divine Comedy, by Dante Alighieri
1328
Anti‑Pope Nicholas V
1334‑1342
Pope Benedict XII
1342‑1352
Pope Clement VI
1350?
English begins to emerge as the national language of England
1350?
Renaissance begins in Italy
1352‑1362
Pope Innocent VI
1354
Earliest extant documentation stating the existance of the Shroud of Turin
1362‑1370
Pope Urban V
1370‑1378
Pope Gregory XI
1378‑1389
Pope Urban VI
1378
Anti‑Pope Clement VII
1380‑1517
Period between the 1st complete English translation of the Bible and Martin
Luther's 95 Theses
1380‑1382
John Wycliffe, eminant theologian at Oxford, makes NT (1380) and OT (with
help of Nicholas of Hereford) (1382) translations in English, 1st complete
translation to English, included deutercanonical books, preached against
abuses, expressed unorthodox views of the sacraments (Penance and
Eucharist), the use of relics, and against celibacy of the clergy
1384
John Purvey, follower of John Wycliffe, revises Wycliffe's translation
1389‑1404
Pope Boniface IX
1390?
Wycliffe's teachings condemned repeatedly in England
1394
Anti‑Pope Benedict XIII
1404‑1406
Pope Innocent VII
1406‑1417
Pope Gregory XII
1408
Council of Oxford forbids translations of the Scriptures into the vernacular
unless and until they were fully approved by Church authority, sparked by
Wycliffite Bible, Sir Thomas More said: "It neither forbiddith the translations
to be read that were already well done of old before Wycliffe's days, nor
damneth his because it was new but because it was naught; nor prohibiteth
new to be made but provideth that they shall not be read if they be made
amiss till they be by good examination amended." ("A Dialogue against
Heresies")
1409
Anti‑Pope Alexander V
1410
Anti‑Pope John XXIII
1412‑1431
St. Joan of Arc, French national heroine
1415
Council of Florence condemns all of Wycliffe's works, but the actual Bibles
continued to be used after having the heretical prologue removed, and were
possessed by both religious houses and those of the nobility and tacitly
accepted by Catholics
1417‑1431
Pope Martin V
1431‑1447
Pope Eugene IV
1439
Anti‑Pope Felix V
1447‑1455
Pope Nicholas V
1453
Byzantium succeeded by the Ottoman Empire
1455‑1458
Pope Callistus III
1458‑1464
Pope Pius II
1464‑1471
Pope Paul II
1466‑1536
Desiderius Erasmus, Dutch scholar, Greek NT used in many 16th century
translations
1471‑1484
Pope Sixtus IV
1473‑1481
Sistine Chapel built, under supervision of Giovanni de Dolci
1478
Inquisition established by Pope Sixtus IV
1483‑1546
Martin Luther, leader of Protestant reformation, preached that only faith
leads to salvation without mediation of clergy or good works, attacked
authority of the Pope, rejected priestly celibacy, recommended individual
study of the Bible (see 1517, 1522)
1484‑1492
Pope Innocent VIII
1488‑1569
Miles Coverdale, Augustinian friar who left the Order, repudiated
Catholicism, 1st Protestant Bishop of Exeter
1491‑1556
Ignatius of Loyola, founded the Jesuit order (see 1534)
1492
Christopher Columbus's first voyage, discovers San Salvador ‑ begins
Spanish colonization of the New World
1492‑1503
Pope Alexander VI
1503
Pope Pius III
1503‑1513
Pope Julius II
1505‑1572
John Knox, Protestant reformer in Scotland (see 1560)
1506
Pope Julius II orders the Old St Peter's Basilica torn down and authorizes
Donato Bramante to plan a new structure, demolition completed in 1606
1508‑1512
Michelangelo frescoes the Sistine Chapel's vaulted ceiling
1509‑1547
Henry VIII ruler of England
1509‑1564
John Calvin, preached predetermination, good conduct and success were signs
of election
1513‑1522
Pope Leo X
1517‑1994
Modern Era of Christianity ‑ Luther, Calvin lay the seeds of modern
Protestantism, England breaks away from the Catholic Church
1517
95 Theses (Martin Luther)
1518‑1532
St Terese of Avila
1520
Luther excommunicated
1522‑1523
Pope Adrian VI
1522
Luther's German NT translation
1523‑1534
Pope Clement VII
1524
South German peasant uprising, repressed with Luther's support, begins 1.5
century long religious wars
1525‑1534
Tyndale's translation of the NT from Greek text of Erasmus (1466) compared
against the Vulgate and the Pentateuch from the Hebrew (1525) compared to
Vulgate and Luther's German version (1530), first printed edition, used as a
vehicle by Tyndale for bitter attacks on the Church, reflects influence of
Luther's NT of 1522 in rejecting "priest" for "elder", "church" for
"congregation"
1530
Augsburg Confession, Martin Luther founds the Lutheran Church
1531
Reported apparition of Mary at Guadalupe, Mexico, considered "worthy of
belief" by the Catholic Church
1531
Earthquake in Lisbon, Portugal kills 30,000
1534
Henry VIII breaks England away from the Catholic church, confiscates
monastic property, beginning of Episcopal Church
1534‑1550
Pope Paul III
1534
Jesuit order founded by Lyola (1491‑1556), helped reconvert large areas of
Poland, Hungary, and S. Germany and sent missionaries to the New World,
India, and China
1535‑1537
Coverdale's Bible (see 1488), used Tyndale's (1525) translation along with
Latin and German versions, included Apocrypha at the end of the OT (like
Luther) as was done in later English versions, 1537 edition received royal
license, but banned in 1546
1536
Tyndale put to death, left his OT translation in manuscript, English
ecclesiaastical authorities ordered his Bible burned because it was thought to
be part of Lutheran reform
1537‑1551
Matthew Bible, by John Rogers (1500‑1555), based on Tyndale and
Coverdale received royal license but not authorized for use in public worship,
numerous editions, 1551 edition contained offensive notes (based on Tyndale)
1536‑1541
Michelangelo paints the Last Judgement
1539‑1552
Richard Taverner's (1505‑1577) revisions of Matthew Bible, mostly NT
revisions since he didn't know Hebrew, 1st edition most reliable
1539‑1569
Great Bible, by Thomas Cromwell, 1st English Bible to be authorized for
public use in English churches, defective in many places, based on last
Tyndale's NT of 1534‑1535, corrected by a Latin version of the Hebrew OT,
Latin Bible of Erasmus, and Complutensian Polyglot, last edition 1569, never
denounced by England
1542
Conocation makes an unsuccessful attempt to correct the Great Bible against
the Vulgate
1543
Parliament bans Tyndale's translation as a "crafty, false and untrue
transalation", although 80% of the words were in the RV
1545‑1563
Council of Trent, Catholic Reformation, or counter‑reformation, met
Protestant challenge, clearly defining an official theology
1546
King Henry VIII forbids anyone to have a copy of Tyndale's or Coverdale's NT
1547‑1553
Edward VI ruler of England
1549
Book of Common Prayer (Episcopal Church)
1550‑1555
Pope Julius III
1550?
St. Thomas More, Cranmer, and Foxe affirm the existence of English versions
of portions of the Bible, including the Gospels (11th century), Mark, Luke,
Epistles of Paul (14th century), Apocalypse (11th century)
1553‑1558
Mary I ruler of England, publications of English Scriptures cease (except for
Geneva NT of 1557), many clerics leave England
1553
Pontifical Gregorian University founded at Vatican City
1555
Pope Marcellus II
1555‑1559
Pope Paul IV
1556
Beza's Latin NT
1558‑1603
Elizabeth I ruler of England
1559‑1566
Pope Pius IV
1560
Geneva Bible, NT a revision of Matthew's version of Tyndale with use of
Beza's NT (1556), OT a thorough revision of Great Bible, appointed to be read
in Scotland (but not England), at least 140 editions
1560
Scotch Presbyterian Church founded by John Knox (1505‑1572), due to
disagreement with Lutherans over sacraments and church government
1563
39 Articles (Episcopal Church)
1566‑1572
Pope Pius V
1571
Superior force of Turks intent upon conquering Christian Europe is beaten
decisively by Christian sailors reportedly calling upon the name of Our Lady
of the Rosary
1572‑1585
Pope Gregory XIII
1572‑1606
Bishop's Bible, an inadequate and unsatisfactory revision of the Great Bible
checked against the Hebrew text, 1st to be published in England by episcopal
authority
1582
Rheims NT, based on Coverdale, Bishops', Geneva, follows Wycliffe
1585‑1590
Pope Sixtus V
1590‑1591
Pope Urban VII
1590
Sistine edition of the Vulgate
1590
Michelangelo's dome in St Peter's Basilica completed
1591‑1592
Pope Innocent IX
1592‑1605
Pope Clement VIII
1596
Ukranian Catholic Church forms when Ukranian subjects of the king of Poland
are reunited with Rome, largest Byzantine Catholic Church
1603‑1625
James I ruler of England, 1st to call himself King of Great Britain, became
official with Act of Union in 1707
1605
Pope Leo XI
1605‑1621
Pope Paul V
1606
Carlo Maderno redesigns St Peter's Basilica into a Latin cross
1609
Baptist Church founded by John Smyth, due to objections to infant baptism
and demands for church‑state separation
1609‑1610
Rheims‑Douay Bible, 1st Catholic English translation, OT published in two
volumes, based on an unofficial Louvain text corrected by Sistine Vulgate
(1590), NT is Rheims text of 1582
1611‑1800
King James (Authorized) Version, based on Bishop's Bible of 1572 with use of
Rheims NT of 1582 ‑ included Apocropha, alterations found in many editions
through 1800, revisors accused of being "damnable corrupters of God's
word"
1621‑1623
Pope Gregory XV
1623‑1644
Pope Urban VIII
1625‑1649
Charles I ruler of England
1633
AV published in Scotland
1644
Long Parliament directed that only Hebrew canon only be read in the Church
of England (effectively removed the Apocropha)
1644‑1655
Pope Innocent X
1653‑1658
Oliver Cromwell ruler of England
1655‑1667
Pope Alexander VII
1658‑1712
Richard Cromwell ruler of England
1660‑1685
Charles II king of England, restoration of monarchy in England beginning under
Charles II, continuing through James II, reversed decision of Long Parliament
of 1644, reinstating the Apocrypha, reversal not heeded by non‑conformists
1667‑1670
Pope Clement IX
1667
Earthquake in Shemaka, Caucasia kills 80,000
1670‑1676
Pope Clement X
1676‑1689
Pope Innocent XI
1685‑1688
James II king of England, deposed
1689‑1702
William III king of England, with Mary II as queen until 1694
1689‑1691
Pope Alexander VIII
1691‑1700
Pope Innocent XII
1693
Earthquake in Catania, Italy kills 60,000
1700‑1721
Pope Clement XI
1702‑1714
Anne queen of England
1714‑1727
George I king of England
1714
AV published in Ireland
1718
Catholic English version of NT by Dr. Nary, much less bulky than Reims‑
Douay
1721‑1724
Pope Innocent XIII
1724‑1730
Pope Benedict XIII
1727‑1760
George II king of England
1730‑1740
Pope Clement XII
1730
Catholic English version of NT, revision of Reims NT by Dr. Robert Witham
1738
Methodist Church founded by Rev John Wesley
1738‑1816
New Catholic English versions of NT by Dr. Richard Challoner and Francis
Blyth O.D.C., Bernard MacMahon, Dr Troy
1740‑1758
Pope Benedict XIV
1752
AV published in New World colonies
1755
Earthquake in Northern Persia kills 40,000
1755
Earthquake in Lisbon, Portugal kills 60,000 (estimated at 8.75 Richter)
1758‑1769
Pope Clement XIII
1760‑1820
George III king of England
1769‑1775
Pope Clement XIV
1775‑1800
Pope Pius VI
1776
British colonies in America declare independance from England, American
Revolution
1783
Earthquake in Calabria, Italy kills 30,000
1797
Earthquake in Quito, Ecuador kills 41,000
1800‑1823
Pope Pius VII
1801‑1877
Brigham Young, Mormon leader, colonized Utah
1811
Dr. Hay's revision of Challoner's version
1820‑1830
George IV king of England
1822
Earthquake in Aleppo, Asia Minor kills 22,000
1815
Catholic Bible Society NT, based on Challoner's
1816‑1829
Challoner's 3rd revision, Dr. John Lingard's translation from Greek using
Vulgate when possible
1823‑1829
Pope Leo XII
1827
Mormon Church founded by Joseph Smith as a result of reported visions of
the Angel Moroni
1829‑1831
Pope Pius VIII
1830‑1837
William IV king of England
1830
Reported apparition of Mary in Paris, France, considered "worthy of belief"
by the Catholic Church
1831‑1846
Pope Gregory XVI
1832
Church of Christ (Disciples) organized, made up of Presbyterians in distress
over Protestant factionalism and decline of fervor
1837‑1901
Victoria queen of England
1846‑1878
Pope Pius IX
1846
Reported apparition of Mary in La Salette, France, considered "worthy of
belief" by the Catholic Church
1852‑1922
Charles Taze Russell, founded the Jehova's Witnesses movement in the 1870s
1858
Reported apparition of Mary in Lourdes, France, considered "worthy of
belief" by the Catholic Church
1859‑1959
90 Catholic NT editions, 56 Catholic editions of the whole Bible
1868
Earthquakes in Peru and Ecuador kills 40,000
1869‑1870
First Vatican Council, 20th ecumenical, affirms doctrine of papal infallibility
(ie. when a pope speaks ex cathedra on faith or morals he does so with the
supreme apostolic authority, which no Catholic may question or reject)
1871
Reported apparition of Mary in Pontmain, France, considered "worthy of
belief" by the Catholic Church
1875
Earthquake in Colombia, Venezuela
1878‑1903
Pope Leo XIII
1878
14‑point creed of the Niagara Bible Conference, used by Fundamentalists
1879
Reported apparition of Mary in Knock, Ireland, considered "worthy of belief"
by the Catholic Church
1881‑1894
Revised Version, called for by Church of England, used Greek based on
Septuagint (B) and (S), Massoretic text used in OT, follows Greek order of
words, greater accuracy than AV, includes Apocrypha, scholarship never
disputed
1898‑1904
Twentieth Century NT, changed order of books to chronological
1901‑1910
Edward VII king of England
1901
American Standard Version, recension of the RV, included words/phrases
preferred by Americans, follows Greek order of words
1901
Pentecostal Church formed in Topeka, Kansas in reaction to loss of
evangelical fervor among Methodists and other denominations
1902
Richard Weymouth NT, a careful literary translation
1903‑1914
Pope Pius X, most recent Pope to be canonized
1910‑1936
George V king of England
1910
5‑point statement of the Presbyterian General Assembly, also used by
Fundamentalists
1910‑1915
The Fundamentals, a 12‑volume collection of essays by 64 British and
American scholars and preachers, a foundation of Fundamentalism
1913‑1924
James Moffat Bible, 1st one man translation in almost 400 years
1914‑1922
Pope Benedict XV
1917
Reported apparition of Mary in Fatima, Portugal, "miracle of the sun"
witnessed by between 70,000 and 100,000 people, considered "worthy of
belief" by the Catholic Church
1919
World's Christian Fundamentals Association founded
1922‑1939
Pope Pius XI
1925
Scopes Trial, caused division among Fundamentalists
1932
Reported apparition of Mary in Beauraing, Belgium, considered "worthy of
belief" by the Catholic Church
1933
Reported apparition of Mary in Banneux, Belgium, considered "worthy of
belief" by the Catholic Church
1936
Edward VIII king of England, acceeded and abdicated
1936‑1952
George VI king of England
1936
Westminster NT, unofficial Catholic version (not commissioned by the
Hierarchy)
1939‑1958
Pope Pius XII
1945‑1955
Knox Version, from Vulgate, asked for by English Hierarchy
1946‑1952
Revised Standard Version, revision of AV "based on consonantal Hebrew
text" for OT and best available texts for NT, done in response to changes in
English usage
1949
Basic English Bible, only 1000 words, simple and direct style
1949
Discovery of Qumran (Essenes?) scrolls, aka Dead Sea scrolls (see 68)
1952‑Present
Elizabeth II queen of England
1957
United Church of Christ founded by ecumenical union of Congregationalists and
Evangelical & Reformed, representing Calvinists and Lutherans
1958‑1963
Pope John XXIII
1958
J. B. Phillip's NT, uses only commonly spoken language
1959
Statement of Faith (United Church of Christ)
1961
New English Bible, renders original Basic English Bible for private use
1962‑1965
Second Vatican Council, 21st ecumenical, announced by Pope John XXIII in
1959, produced 16 documents which became official after approval by the
Pope, purpose to renew "ourselves and the flocks committed to us" (Pope
John XXIII)
1963‑1978
Pope Paul VI
1966
RSV Catholic Edition, a joint effort between Catholics and the Church of
England, a big step towards a common Catholic/Protestant Bible
1966
Jerusalem Bible, translation from original languages based on Bible de
Jerusalem, Catholic version
1970
Confraternity Version, new Catholic translation from the originals which
began before 1939 as a translation from the Vulgate, but ending up as a new
translation from the Hebrew (OT) and Greek (NT).
1971
New American Standard Bible, updated the ASV using recent Hebrew and
Greek textual discoveries
1978
Pope John Paul I
1978
New International Version, used eclectic Greek text, Massoretic Hebrew
text, and current English style
1978‑?
Pope John Paul II, reaffirmed conservative moral traditions (The Splendor of
Truth) and the forbidding of women in the priesthood
1979‑1982?
New King James Bible, complete revision of 1611 AV, updates archaisms
while retaining style
1981‑?
Reported apparitions of Mary in Medjugorje, Yugoslavia, not yet
approved/disapproved by the Catholic Church
1994
Declaration of cooperation between Evangelicals and Catholics